Hellenistic Greek: Course Lexicon
by Micheal W. Palmer
© 2009, 2015

5, 17

8, 9

13

loved, beloved

5

ἄγγελος, -ου, ὁ

messenger, angel

4

holy

5

ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ______, ἤγμαι, ἤχθην

I lead, bring

12

The aorist active froms of ἄγω (ἤγαγον, etc) are exceptional in that the stem not only receives and augment, but is first reduplicated:ἄγ- ⇒ ἄγαγ- ⇒ ἤγαγ-.

ἀδελφός, -οῦ, ὁ

brother (Philadelphia = the city of brotherly love)

4

15

αἴρω, ἀρῶ, ἦρα, ἦρκα, ἦρμαι, ἤρθην

I lift (something or someone) up, take up (something); I remove (something or someone), take (something or someone) away, destroy (something or someone)

14, 18

αἰτέω, αἰτήσω, ᾔτησα, ᾔτηκα, ᾔτημαι, ______

I ask (someone) for (something), demand (something)

14

15

5

I follow, go with, accompany

8, 9

άκούω, ἀκούσω ἤκουσα, ἀκήκοα, ______, ἠκούσθην

I hear, listen to, learn, obey, understand

8, 9, 20

truth, truthfulness, faithfulness

9

but, instead, on the contrary

7

ἀλλήλων

one another, each other

17

other, another

6

13

ἁμαρτολός, -όν

sinful (ὁ ἁμαρτολός = sinner)

19

Notice that the adjective ἁμαρτολός is listed with only two forms (rather than the usual three). The first form listed is used for both nominative masculine and feminine singular. The ending -όν is used for the nominative neuter singular.

ἀμήν

so be it, let it be so, truly

17

In a specifically religious context, ἀμήν can be translated as "amen," but you should keep in mind that at the time of the Greek New Testament, the word did not have a specifically religious meaning. That developed later.

ἀνά

up, upon, on, above

14

While ἀνά appears infrequently on its own, it is a component in several compound verbs that appear much more frequently.

ἀναβαίνω, ἀναβήσομαι, ἀνέβην, ἀναβέβηκα, ______, ______

I go up, rise up, ascend, advance
(ἀνα + βαίνω)

14

ἀναπαύω, ἀναπαύσω, ἀνέπαυσα, ______, ἀναπέπαυμαι, ἀνεπαύθην

1. transitive. I cause to rest, give (someone) rest; I refresh, revive (someone)
2. intransitive. I rest, take my rest

22

28

man, husband (android = a human-like robot)

15

ἄνθροπος, -ου, ὁ

man, person (anthropology = the study of humanity)

4

ἀνίστημι, ἀναστήσω, ἀνέστην (ἀνέστησα), ἀνέστηκα, ἀνέσταμαι, ἀνεστάθην

I raise up, set up, arise, resist, restore
(ἀνα + ἴστημι)

14, 20

Ἀνίστημι is a compound verb: ἀνά + ἴστημι. It's aorist forms are inconsistent. Sometimes it has first aorist forms (ἀνέστησα) and sometimes second aorist (ἀνέστην). Even within the writing of a single author, both forms may be found.

ἀνοίγω, ἀνοίξω, ἤνοιξα (ἠνέῳξα, ἀνέῳξα), ἀνέῳγα, ἀνέῳγμαι, ἀνεῴχθην

I open, unlock, disclose

8, 9

The aorist form of ἀνοίγω is inconsistent. It appears sometines as ἤνοιξα sometimes as ἠνέῳξα, and sometimes even as ἀνέῳξα.

12, 20

10

ἀποθνῄσκω, ἀποθνοῦμαι, ἀπέθανον, ______, ______, ______

I die
(ἀπο + θνῄσκω)

12

ἀποκρίνομαι, _______, ἀπεκρινάμην, ________, ________, ἀπεκρίθην

I answer

20, 21

ἀποκτείνω, ἀποκτενῶ, ἀπέκτεινα, ______, ______, ἀπεκτάνθην

I kill, put to death
(ἀπο + κτείνω)

8, 10

ἀπόλλυμι, ἀπολέσω, ἀπώλεσα, ἀπόλῶλα, ______, ______

I ruin, destroy; middle voice I die

17, 21

ἀπολύω, ἀπολύσω, ἀπέλυσα, ______, ἀπολέλυμαι, ἀπελύθην

14, 21

ἀποστέλλω, ἀποστελῶ, ἀπέστειλα, ἀπέσταλκα, ἀπέσταλμαι, ἀπεστάλην

14

Ἀποστέλλω is a compound verb: ἀπό + στέλλω. Στέλλω = I go, travel; I avoid.

ἀπόστολος, -ου, ὁ

apostle

4

ἅπτω, ἅψω, ἡψάμην, ________, ________, ________

I touch, hold, grasp (always middle voice in this sense); I ignite, light (a lamp)

20

ἀρνέομαι, ἀρνήσομαι, ἠρνησάμην, ________, ἠρνήμην, ________

I deny (something); I reject (something or someone)

20

28

4

13

16

8, 9, 20

12

βαίνω, ______, ἔβην, βέβηκα, ______, ______

I come, go

14

Βαίνω is an infrequently occurring verb that does not appear at all in the New Testament. It is worth your time to learn the forms listed here anyway, though, since several other verbs are compounds with it. See ἀναβαίνω, καταβαίνω, and μεταβαίνω for example.

βάλλω, βαλῶ, ἔβαλον, βέβληκα, βέβλημαι, ἐβλήθην

12, 18, 21

βαπτίζω, βαπτίσω, ἐβάπτισα, ______, βεβάπτισμαι, ἐβαπτίσθην

I dip, immerse

8, 9, 18, 21, 23

The English word, "Baptize" is derived from this Greek word. In a specifically religious context it may be appropriate to translate βαπτίζω as "I baptize" in later Hellenistic Greek texts, but you should keep in mind that the English word "baptize" carries an exclusively religious meaning that the Greek word βαπτίζω did not at the time the books of the New Testament were written.

βασιλεία, -ας, ἡ

11

βασιλεύς, βασιλέως, ὁ

16

βασιλεύω, ἐβασίλευσα

I rule; I am king

17

βιβλίον, -ου, τό

book, scroll

4

βλέπω, βλέψω, ἔβλεψα, ______, ______, ______,

I see, look at, observe, watch

8, 9, 18

βούλομαι, ________, ________, ________, ________, ἐβουλήθην

I want (something)

21

Γαλιλαία, -ας, ἡ

Galilee

γάρ

for, since, because; certainly, so, then

17

γεννάω (Contracts to γεννῶ), γεννήσω, ἐγέννησα, γεγέννηκα, γεγέννημαι, ἐγεννήθην

I give birth, become the father of, produce

8, 9, 18, 23

γῆ, -ῆς, ἡ

earth, dirt, land

13

γίνομαι, γενήσομαι, ἐγενόμην, γέγονα, ________, ἐγενήθην

I am; I become, come into being; It happens (3rd person only)

20

γινώσκω, γνώσομαι, ἔγνων, ἔγνωκα, ἔγνωσμαι, ἐγνώσθην

12

γλῶσσα, -ης, ἡ

γραμματεύς, γραμματέως, ὁ

16

γραφή, -ής, ἡ

writing, written message, written document, scripture

13

γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα, γέγραμμαι, ἐγράφην

I write, record, compose

8, 9, 18

γυνή, γυναικός, ἡ

15

The vocative singular form of γυνή is γυναί. The accusative singular is γυναῖκα. Otherwise this word follows the paradigm for σάρξ.

δαιμόνιον, -ου, τό

6

7

δεῖ

It is necessary, It must

14

Like μέλλω, δεῖ appears only in the present and imperfect tenses. It is usually followed by an infinitive. Unlike μέλλω, δεῖ appears only in the third person.

δεξιός, -ά, -όν

5

διά

17

διαθήκη, -ης, ἡ

covenant, pact, agreement

13

διαλογίζομαι, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

I reason, think carefully about (something); I discuss, consider (something)

23

διαμερίζω, ______, διεμέρισα, ______, διαμεμέρισμαι, διεμερίσθην

transitive. I divide, separate (something); I distribute (something)

22

διδάσκαλος, -ου, ὁ

6

διδάσκω, διδάξω, ἐδίδαξα, ______, ______, ἐδιδάχθην

8, 9, 18

δίδωμι, δώσω, ἔδωκα, δέδωκα, δέδομαι, ἐδόθην

I give

8, 9, 18, 21

δίκαιος, -α, -ον

5

δικαιοσύνη, -ης, ἡ

righteousness, justice

11

δοκέω, ________, ἔδοξα, ________, _________, ________

I think, believe; I seem

17

δόξα, -ης, ἡ

brightness, glory, opinion, reputation

11

δοξάζω, δοξάσω, ἐδόξασα, ______, δεδόξασμαι, ἐδοξάσθην

I praise, honor, glorify

8, 9, 18

δουλεύω, δουλεύσω, δεδουλεύκα, ______, ἐδούλευσα, ______

I serve (someone) (as a slave)

22

δούλος, -ου, ὁ

slave, servant

4

δύναμαι, δυνήσομαι, ________, ________, ________, ἠδυνήθην

I can; I am able to (to do something)

20, 22, 23, 27

While the present tense form of δύναμαι appears to end with -αμαι rather than ομαι, the α is actually a part of the stem, and the ending is -μαι (like the perfect middle).

δύναμις, δυνάμεως, ἡ

power, powerful deed, great work

16

ἐγείρω, ἐγερῶ, ἤγειρα, ______, ἐγήγερμαι, ἠγέρθην

9

ἐγώ, (ἐ)μοῦ

27

ἔθνος, ἔθνους, τό

nation, people [The plural forms of ἔθνος are often translated “gentiles” (that is, “non-Jews”).]

16

εἰ

if

17

When εἰ is used to introduce a question, it is often necessary to leave εἰ untranslated. In printed Greek texts, questions end with a question mark (;). When you see that mark at the end of a clause introduced by εἰ, leave εἰ untranslated.

εἰμί, ἔσομαι

3

εἰρήνη, -ης, ἡ

peace

13

εἷς / μία / ἕν

one

na

7

12, 20

ἐκ, ἐξ

7

Nouns, adjectives, and articles that immediately follow the preposition ἐκ are assigned genitive case forms.

ἕκαστος, -η, -ον

5

ἐκβάλλω, ἐκβαλῶ, ἐξέβαλον, ἐκβέβληκα, ἐκβέβλημαι, ἐξἐβλήθην

12

ἐκκλησία, -ας, ἡ

11

ἐκκόπτω, ______, ἤκοψα, ______, ______, ______

I cut down (a tree); I exterminate, destroy (something)

22

ἐκπλήσσομαι, ______, ______, ______, ______, ἐξεπλάγην

I am amazed
All occurrences of this word in the New Testament and Septuagint have middle/passive forms.

23

ἐκπορεύομαι, ἐκπορεύσομαι, ______, ______, ______, ______

I go out, come out; I leave
(ἐκ + πορεύομαι)
Notice that this is a verb of bodily motion. It appears only with middle/passive forms.

23

ἐκτίθημι, ______, ______, ἐξετέθην

1. transitive. I expose (something or someone), make (something) public; I abandon (a child), expose (a child) to the elements; I explain (something), expose the significance or meaning (of something)

22

ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἡ

hope

15

ἐν

in, on, at, by, with, among

7

Nouns, adjectives, and articles that immediately follow the preposition ἐν are assigned dative case forms.

ἐντολή, -ής, ἡ

commandment, order (that which is commanded)

13

I leave, go out, come out, depart
(ἐκ + ἔρχομαι)

12, 20

ἐξίστημι, ______, ἐξέστην, ______, ______, ______

I amaze (someone); I confuse (someone)
(ἐκ + ἵστημι)

23

ἐξουσία, -ας, ἡ

authority, power
Contrast ἀρχή, -ής, ἡ

13

ἐπαγγελία, -ας, ἡ

11

ἐπερωτάω (Contracts to ἐπερωτῶ), ἐπερωτήσω, ἐπηρώτησα, ______, ______, ______

I ask, inquire

18

Ἐπερωτάω is both a compound verb (ἐπί + ἐρωτάω) and a contract verb (stem ending in α).

ἐπί

+ genitive
1. specifies location (on, upon, at)
2. specifies time (at, in, when)
3. specifies extent of time (for)
4. indicates authority or responsibility (over, for)
5. specifies extent (up to, as much as)
6. specifies a referrent or topic (concerning, in reference to, about, with respect to)

+ dative
1. specifies location or destination (at, onto, toward, to)
2. specifies the cause of, or reason for, something (because of)
3. specifies purpose or goal (for the sake of, in order to)
4. indicates compounding or addition (in addition to, beyond)
5. marks opposition to something or someone (against)
6. indicates the recipient of benefit or help (for, on behalf of)
7. marks the INSTRUMENT of an action (by means of)

+ accusative
1. specifies locus of responsibility (on, upon)
2. with expressions of time (at)
3. specifies location in a group (among, within)
4. specifies location near something (at, by)
5. indicates movement toward a goal (to, toward, for the purpose of)
6. marks opposition to something or someone (against)
7. specifies the AGENT of a passive construction (by)

ἐπιλαμβάνομαι, ______, ἐπέλαβον, ______, ______, ______

I take hold (of)
ἐπί + λαμβάνω

21

ἐπιλανθάνομαι, ______, ἐπελαθόμην, ______, ______, ______,

I forget
ἐπί + λανθάνω

20

ἐπιτίθημι, ἐπιθήσω, ἐπέθηκα, ______, ______, ______

I lay (something) on (something else); I put, place; I add

21

ἔρημος, -ον

abandoned, desolate, lonely

6

When used as a noun, ἔρημος should be translated, “desert.”

Ἔρημος is listed in the lexicon as an adjective, but only two forms are shown rather than the usual three. This is done becauseἔρημος only has two sets of case forms. It uses the same endings for both masculine and feminine (ἔρημος). The neuter nominative singular form is ἔρημον.

ἔρχομαι, ἐλεύσομαι, ἤλθον (ἤλθα), ἐλήλυθα, ______, ______

I go, come

12, 20, 23

Unlike the English words "come" and "go," ἔρχομαι gives no indication of the speaker or writer's spacial perspective. In English we say "come" when we want to indicate movement in the direction of the speaker, while we use "go" to indicate movement away from the speaker. Ἔρχομαι is used for both of these perspectives. You must look for clues in the context to determine which is the best translation each time you encounter ἔρχομαι.

ἐρῶ
(See λέγω.)

I will say
Used as the future of λέγω.

18

9

ἐσθίω, φάγομαι (or ἔδομαι), ἔφαγον, ______, ______, ______

12

last, final (eschatology = theory of last things or end times)

5

ἕτερος, -α, -ον

other, another (of a different kind)

5

εὐαγγελίζω, ______, εὐηγγέλισα, ______, εὐηγγέλισμαι, εὐηγγελίσθην

I bring good news, announce good news

22, 27

The argument structure of εὐαγγελίζω is different from the English verbs bring and announce because the Greek verb includes within its meaning the notion of "good news" which must be stated separately as an object in English.

εὐαγγέλιον, -ου, τό

good news, gospel (evangelistic; εὐ-, good + ἀγγελία, message)

4

εὑρίσκω, εὑρήσω, εὗρον, εὕρηκα, ______, εὑρέθην

12

ἔχω, ἕξω, ἔσχον, ἔσχηκα, ______, _______

1

The breathing mark is rough on the future tense forms of ἔχω: ἕξω.

ζητέω, ζητήσω, ἐζήτησα, ______, ______, ______

9

ζωή, -ής, ἡ

11

ἡ (ὁ, ἡ, τό)

the (when translated)

6

It is often necessary to leave the article untranslated since the rules for its use in Greek are different from the rules for the use of the article in English.

ἡμέρα, -ας, ἡ

day, lifetime, time period

13

ἦν (See εἰμί)

7

Ἦν is the 3rd singular imperfect active indicative of εἰμί, a very important little verb that appears 2462 times in the Greek New Testament alone.

θάλασσα, -ης, ἡ

11

θάνατος, -ου, ὁ

death (euthanasia = merciful death)

4

θέλημα, θελήματος, τό

16

θέλω, ______, ἠθέλησα, ______, ______, ______

12, 22

θεραπεύω, θεραπεύσω, ἐθεράπευσα, ______, τεθεράπευμαι, ἐθεραπεύθην

I heal

21

θεός, -οῦ, ὁ

God, god (theology = theory about God)

4

θεωρέω (Contracts to θεωρῶ), θεωρήσω, ἐθεώρησα, ______, ______, ______

18

θρόνος, -ου, ὁ

6

θυρίον, -ου, τό

19

ἴδιος, -α, -ον

one’s own, his own, her own

6

ἱερόν, -οῦ, τό

4

ἱμάτιον, -ου, τό

6

Ἰουδαῖος, -α, -ον

Judean, Jewish (Judea = the land of the Jewish people)

5

ἵστημι, στήσω, ἔστην (ἔστησα), ἕστηκα, ______, ἑστήθην

I place, put, set; I stand, stop, uphold

14, 18

The aorist forms of ἴστημι are inconsistent. Sometimes this verb has first aorist forms (ἔστησα) and sometimes second aorist (ἔστην).

καθέζομαι, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

I sit, sit down
Notice that this is a verb of bodily motion. It appears only with middle/passive forms.

23

κάθημαι, καθήσομαι, ______, ______, ______, ______

I sit, sit down; I remain, stay
Notice that this is a verb of bodily motion. It appears only with middle/passive forms. Notice also that where you might expect to see a thematic vowel (ο/ε), there is an η. This η belongs to the stem of this verb, and the present tense endings are added without the thematic vowel.

23

καιρός, -ου, ὁ

time, opportunity, occasion

6

bad (cacophony = a lot of noise/bad sounds)

5, 17

καλέω (Contracts to καλῶ), καλέσω, ἐκάλεσα, κέκληκα, κέκλημαι, ἐκλήθην

I call, invite, address as, name

9, 18

The stem-final ε in καλέω does not lengthen to η for the future and aorist forms: καλέσω, not καλήσω; ἐκάλεσα, not ἐκάλησα.

καθίζω, καθίσω, ἐκάθισα, ________, ________, ________

I cause to sit down; I appoint; (especially middle voice) I stay, live

19

καλός, -ή, -όν

good, beautiful (caligraphy = beautiful writing)

5

καρδία, -ας, ἡ

heart, inner self, mind

11

καρπός, -οῦ, ὁ

fruit, crop, result

19

καταβαίνω, καταβήσομαι, κατέβην, καταβέβηκα, ______, ______

I come down
(κατά + βαίνω)

12, 14

καταλαμβάνω, ________, κατέλαβον, κατείληφα, κατείλημμαι, κατελήμφθην

I take; I overtake, catch up with (someone); I reach (a destination or a conclusion)

21

κεῖμαι, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

I lie down; I am present (in a particular place)
Notice that this is a verb of bodily motion. It appears only with middle/passive forms. Notice also that κεῖμαι is written and pronounced without a thematic vowel.

23

κεφαλή, -ής, ἡ

head, origin, starting point

11

κηρὐσσω, κηρύξω, ἐκήρυξα, ______, ______, ἐκηρύχθην

I proclaim, announce, preach

9

While the future active indicative of κηρὐσσω (κηρύξω) does not appear in the New Testament, the future passive indicative does. See Matthew 24:14 and Luke 12:3.

κόσμος, -ου, ὁ

world, universe, earth, humankind (Cosmos = universe)

5

κρατέω, κρατήσω, ἐκράτησα, κεκράτηκα, κεκράτημαι, ________

I grasp, attain, take; hold, arrest, retain

19

κρίνω, κρινῶ, ἔκρινα, κέκρικα, κέκριμαι, ἐκρίθην

I judge, prefer, consider, decide

9, 18

κρύπτω, ______, ἔκρυψα, ______, κέκρυμμαι,* ἐκρύβην

I hide (someone or something), conceal (something)

21

The perfect tense stem of κρύπτω is κεκρύπτ-. It is spelled κεκρύμ- in the list above because of normal phonemic processes. The stem-final τ is eliminated whenever an ending that begins with μ is added directly to the stem. That leaves κεκρύπ-, with π in the final position. When the ending -μαι is added, the π changes to μ. Π usually changes to μ when it immediately precedes another μ.

κρίσις, κρίσεως, ἡ

judgment, condemnation, punishment

19

κύριος, -ου, ὁ

master, lord, Lord

4

λαλέω, λαλήσω, ἐλάλησα, λελάληκα, λελάλημαι, ἐλαλήθην

I speak, say, proclaim

9

λαμβάνω, λήψομαι, ἔλαβον, εἴληφα, ______, ______

I take, receive; I choose

12,
21

This verb (λαμβάνω) is a composite of several originally separate verbs. Its future and aorist forms are base on stems entirely unrelated to the present tense stem. Learn each stem with care.

λανθάνω, ______, ἐλάθον, ______, _______, ____

I go unnoticed, escape notice, am hidden; I ignore (something); I act without noticing (something)

na

λαός, -οῦ, ὁ

people, crowd, populace

5

λἐγω, ἐρῶ, εἶπον, εἴρηκα, εἴρημαι, ἐρρέθην

I speak, talk, say, tell, ask, answer

12,
17,
20

This verb (λέγω) is a composite of several originally separate verbs. Each of its tenses is base on a stem entirely unrelated to the present tense stem. Learn each stem with care.

λίθος, -ου, ὁ

stone, rock (monolith = a single huge stone)

6

λόγος, -ου, ὁ

word, matter, event, thing

4

λοιπός, -ή, -όν

remaining

6

μαθητής, -ου, ὁ

student, disciple

11

μακάριος, -α, -ον

blessed, happy, fortunate

6

μαρτυρέω, μαρτυρησω, ἐμαρτύρησα, μεμαρτύρηκα, μεμαρτύρημαι, ἐμαρτυρήθην

I testify, bear witness, confirm; Passive = I am approved, I receive approval

9, 19

μέλλω, μελλήσω, ______, ______, ______, ______

I intend to, I am about to

14

Like the verb είμί, μέλλω appears only in the present, imperfect, and future tenses, so only the present and future stems appear in its lexical list. The imperfect active indicative first singular form is ἔμελλον.

μέσος, -η, -ον

middle, middle of (mesopotamia = the land in the middle between the ποταμοί [rivers])

6

μετά

+ genitive: with
+ accusative: after, behind

17

μεταβαίνω, μεταβήσομαι, μετέβην, μεταβέβηκεν, ______, ______

I turn, enter; I leave, depart, move on, go on
(μετά + βαίνω)

14

27

μήτηρ, μητρός, ἡ

mother (maternal)

16

μικρός, -ά, -όν

small, humble (ὁ μικρός = child, little while)

19

μόνος, -η, -ον

only, alone, deserted, isolated (monogamy = marriage to only one person)

5

Μωϋσῆς, Μωϋσέως, ὁ

Moses

16

νεκρός, -ά, -όν

dead, useless (necrophilia = a psychological disorder involving obsession with dead bodies)

5

The adjective νεκρός is sometimes used as a noun. In such cases it should be translated “dead person,” “dead body,” or “corpse.”

νόμος, -ου, ὁ

law, principle
(Deuteronomy = the second law)

4

νύξ, νυκτός, ἡ

night [νύξ is conjugated like σάρξ, but with κτ for κ.]

15

ὀ, ἠ, τό

the (when translated)

7

It is often necessary to leave the article untranslated since the rules for its use in Greek are different from the rules for the use of the article in English.

οἱκία, -ας, ἡ

house, household

13

6

5

ὄνομα, ὀνόματος, τό

name, title

15

ὁράω, ὄψομαι, εἶδον, ἑώρακεν, ______, ὤφθην

I see

12

Each of the tenses of ὁράω is built on a stem unrelated to its other tense stems. Learn each one with care.

ὄρος, ὄρους, τό

mountain, hill

16

ὅς, ἥ, ὅ

who, whom, which, that

13

ὅτε

when, while

23

οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ

no, not

17

οὐαί

woe, sorrow, disaster

19

Οὐαί was used as an exclamation of lament. We no longer have a good English equivalent. Most of the expressions used for this effect in English today involve profanity, and would not be appropriate translations of οὐαί, since the Greek word did not imply anything profane.

οὐδείς, οὐδεμία, οὐδέν

no one, nothing
οὐ + δέ + εἷς/μία/ἕν (1)

22, 27

οὐκέτι

no longer, no more (οὐκ + ἔτι)

19

ον

9

οὐρανός, -οῦ, ὁ

sky, heaven

5

The word οὐρανός is sometimes used figuratively to refer to God.

οὕτως

so, thus, in this way

7

ὀφθαλμός, -οῦ, ὁ

eye, sight (ophthalmologist = eye doctor)

5

ὄχλος, -ου, ὁ

crowd, multitude

5

παιδίον, -ου, τό

child

4

(+ gen.) from, of, by; (+ dat.) from, with; (+ acc.) by, alongside, beside, at

6, 7, 10

11

παραγίνομαι, ______, παρεγένομαι, ______, ______, ______

I come, arrive, am present; I appear, make a public appearance; I stand by (someone), come to the aid (of someone)

22

παραδίδωμι, παραδώσω, παρέδωκα, παραδέδωκα, ________, παρεδώθην

I hand over, deliver

21

παρακαλέω, παρακαλέσω, παρεκάλεσα, ______, παρακέκημαι, παρεκληθην

I urge, beg, comfort
(παρά + καλέω)

10

While the future active indicative of παρακαλέω (παρακαλέσω) does not appear in the New Testament, the future passive indicative does. See Matthew 5:4.

παραλαμβάνω, παραλήμψομαι, παρέλαβον, ______, ______, ______

I take, take along; I bring along with me

17

πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν

all, whole

23, 27

πατήρ, πατρός, ὁ

father (paternal)

15

Παῦλος, -ου, ὁ

Paul

5

παύω, παύσομαι, ἐπαυσάμην, ________, πέπαυμαι, ________

I stop, cease

20, 21

πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, ______, ______, ______

I persuade, exhort, encourage; I believe, trust

18

πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, ______, ______, ἐπέμφθην

I send, commission, appoint

9, 18, 20

περί

about, around, concerning

7, 10

περιβάλλω, περιβαλῶ, περιέβαλον, ________, ________, ________

I dress (someone or something), I put (clothes) on (someone); (mid.) I wear, get dressed

20, 21

περιπατέω, περιπατήσω, περιεπάτησα, ______, ______, ______

I walk (around), go (around), live, conduct myself
(περί + πατέω)

10

Πέτρος, -ου, ὁ

Peter

5

Πιλᾶτος, -ου, ὁ

Pilate

6

πίπτω, πεσοῦμαι, ἔπεσον, πέπτωκα, ______, ______

12

πιστεύω, πιστεύσω, ἐπίστευσα, πεπίστευκα, πεπίστευμαι, ἐπιστεύθην

I trust, entrust; have faith (in), believe (in); I am faithful

9

πίστις, πίστεως, ἡ

trust, faith, faithfulness (Compare πιστεύω above.)

16

πιστός, -ή, -όν

faithful, trustworthy

5

πληρόω (Contracts to πληρῶ), πληρώσω, ἐπλήρωσα, πεπλήρωκα, πεπλήρωμαι, ἐπληρώθην

I fill, complete, finish, fulfill

9, 18

πλοῖον, -ου, τό

boat, ship

6

πνεῦμα, πνεύματος, τό

spirit, wind

15

ποιέω, ποιήσω, ἐποίησα, πεποίηκα, ______, ______

I do; I make

12, 20

ποιέω is used to indicate action, whether or not that action produces a result. In English we use "make" specifically to describle actions that produce a result (make a mistake, make a sandcastle).

city, town (A metropolis is a principal city [from μητρός πόλις].)

16

πονηρός, -ά, -άν

evil, bad, wicked

5

πορεύομαι, πορεύσομαι, ________, ________, ________, ἐπορεύθην

I go, travel, proceed

20, 23

πούς, ποδός, ὁ

foot (tripod = a camera stand with three feet. [The dative plural of πούς is πόσιν. Otherwise πούς is conjugated like παῖς.]

15

πρεσβύτερος, -α, -ον

older
The adjective πρεσβύτερος is frequently used as a noun. In such cases it should be translated “elder,” “presbyter,” or “older person.”

5

πρό

before, in front of, at (prologue = a short section before a book, in the front of the book)

19

προέρχομαι, προελεύσομαι, προήλθον, ______, ______, ______

I go before (someone); I lead (someone)

22

12

22

προσλαμβάνω, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______,

I receive, accept; I increase
(πρός + λαμβάνω)

21

προσφέρω, προσοίσω, προσήνεγκον (or προσήνεγκα), προσενήνοχα, προσενήνεγμαι, προσηνέχθην (or προσηνείχθην)

I bring to, offer, present
(πρός + acc. = to, toward; φέρω = I bring, carry)
(πρός + φέρω)

19

πρόσωπον, -ου, τό

face, appearance

7

προφέρω, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

bring forth, produce
(πρό + φέρω)

17

προφήτης, -ου, ὁ

prophet

11

πρῶτος, -η, -ον

first, earlier, foremost (prototype = first model)

5

πυνθάνομαι, ______, ἐπυθόμην, ______, ______, ______

I inquire, ask
Can you see why this verb always appears with middle voice forms? How is its meaning a good fit for the middle voice?

23

πῦρ, πυρός, τό

fire (A funeral pyre is a fire on which a body is burned.)

15

ῥῆμα, ῥήματος, τό

word, saying (Contrast λόγος above.)

15

σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ

flesh, body (A sarcophagus is a box in which a body is buried.)

15

σημεῖον, -ου, τό

sign, symbolic event

7

Σίμων, Σίμωνος, ὁ

Simon

15

σκανδαλίζω, ______, ______, ______, ______, ἐσκανδαλίσθην

I anger (someone); I offend (someone); I cause (someone) to stumble or to sin
The English word scandal is derived from this Greek word.

23

σοφία, -ας, ἡ

wisdom, insight, intelligence, skill

13

σπείρω,
______, ἔσπειρα, ______, ______, ______

I sow, spead (seeds)

20

σταυρόω, σταυρώσω, ἐσταύρωσα, ______, ἐσταύρωμαι, ἐσταυρώθην

I crucify

19

στόμα, στόματος, τό

mouth, speech (Στόμα does not mean stomach.)

16

σύ, σοῦ

You, your, yours

The forms of this word are introduced in this lesson. Study them well.

27

συνανἀκειμαι, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

I recline with (someone); I share a meal with (someone)
(σύν + ἀνά + κεῖμαι)
Notice that this is a verb of bodily motion. It appears only with middle/passive forms.

23

συμβάλλω, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

I put together; I agree

21

συνάγω, συνάξω, συνήγαγον, ______, ______, συνήχθην

I gather, get together

12

συναγωγή, -ής, ἡ

gathering, synagogue

13

συντίθημι, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

I put (some things or some people) together; I agree

21

σῶμα, σώματος, τό

15

σώζω, σώσω, ἔσωσα, σέσωκα, σέσωμαι, ἐσώθην

I heal, rescue, save

9

σωτήρ, σωτῆρος

healer, savior, rescuer

27

σωτηρία, -ας, ἡ

salvation, deliverance, preservation, rescue (soteriology = theory of salvation)

19

τέκνον, -ου, τό

child

4

τελέω (Contracts to τελῶ), ______, ἐτέλεσα, τετέλεκα, τετέλεσμαι, ἐτελέσθην

I finish, complete (something); I fulfill

23

τηρέω (Contracts to τηρῶ), τηρήσω, ἐτήρησα, τετήρηκα, τετήτημαι, ἐτηρήθην

I keep, guard

23, 27

τίθημι, θήσω, ἔθηκα, τέθεικα, τέθειμαι, ἐτέθην

I put, place, lay down; I appoint, make (in the sense of designating someone as something), designate

8, 9, 18, 21

τό (ὁ, ἡ, τό)

the (when translated)

6

It is often necessary to leave the article untranslated since the rules for its use in Greek are different from the rules for the use of the article in English.

τόπος, -ου, ὁ

place (topography = designing of maps)

7

τότε

then

17, 23

τρίτος, -η, -ον

third (tricycle = a three wheeled vehicle)

6

τυφλός, -ή, -όν

blind
When τυφλός is used as a noun it should be translated “blind person.”

5

ὕδωρ, ὕδατος

27

υἱός, -οῦ, ὁ

son

5

The plural form of υἱός is often used to refer to groups of both sons and daughters. In such instances it should be translated as "children."

φαίνω, φανῶ/φανήσω, ἐφᾶνα, ______, _______, ἐφάνην

intransitive. I shine, become visible, appear (as), appear (to be)

22

φέρω, οἴσω, ἤνεγκα (ἤνεγκον), ἐνήνοχα, ἐνήνεγμαι, ἠνέχθην

bring, carry

17

φοβέω, φοβηθησομαι, ______, ἐφοβήθην

Active Voice (φοβέω » φοβῶ)
I cause (someone) to be afraid; I frighten (someone)
Active voice form not found in the N.T., but see LXX of 2 Chronicles 32:18 and Wisdom 17:9.

Middle Voice (φοβέομαι » φοβοῦμαι)
1. transitive. I fear (someone or something); I am afraid (of someone or something); intransitive. I am afraid
2. transitive. I respect (someone), show reverence for (someone)
This verb is always middle/passive in the New Testament.

22

φόβος, -ου, ὁ

fear, reverence, respect, cause of fear (the thing feared) (claustrophobia fear of enclosed places)

19

φυλακή, -ής, ἡ

watch (period of the night), guard, prison

19

φωνή, -ής, ἡ

sound, voice

13

φῶς, φωτός, τό

light, fire (fotography = producing pictures by recording light)

15

χαίρω, χαρήσομαι, ἐχαίρησα, _____, _____, ἐχάρην

I rejoice, am glad [The passive voice of this verb is often translated "be glad."]

19

joy, gladness; reason for joy

13

χάρις, χάριτος, ἡ

grace, thanks χάρις is declined like παῖς, but its accusative singular form is χάριν, although occasionally χάριτα.

15

χείρ, χειρός, ἡ

hand (The prefix chir- in words like chirography and chiropractor means “hand.”) χείρ is declined like σωτήρ, except that its dative plural form is χερσί(ν).

15

Christ, Anointed One, Messiah

5

time, period of time, occasion (chronology = a list or account organized by time)

7

ψυχή, -ής, ἡ

11

ὡς, ὥστε

9

ὥρα, -ας, ἡ

hour, time, occasion

11